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usually seen as having a higher priority
than cybersecurity.
• Increased connectivity – Manufacturing
processes need to interact with objects
and environments on a global scale and
systems used in Smart Manufacturing
need to enable collaboration
• IT/OT convergence – Industrial
control systems are not isolated islands
anymore. Blending with IT networkenabled
organisations has simplified the
management of complex environments. It
has also introduced new security risks and
managing IT/OT integration has become
a significant challenge. Insecure network
connections (internal and external),
utilisation of technologies with known
vulnerabilities that introduce previously
unknown risks into the OT environment,
and insufficient understanding of
requirements for ICS environments are
areas of concern. Holistic security practices
must also cover digital twins and actual
physical implementation. •
a considerable challenge as most
systems of this type were not designed
with cybersecurity in mind and thus
vulnerabilities in this hardware are
becoming more and more common.
• Processes – In addition to the large
attack surface in terms of connected
devices, a multitude of complex
processes involved in Smart
Manufacturing should also be
considered. Management of processes
with cybersecurity in mind poses a
challenge for Industry 4.0 companies,
especially since functionality
and production efficiency are
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